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Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations
Yujiro Hayami
Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
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ASIN: 0199243972 |
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This textbook provides a comprehensive, systematic treatise on development economics, combining classical political economy, modern institutional theory, and current development issues. It has grown out of thirty years' experience of teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students in the United States, Japan and other parts of Asia. The treatment is global, although the organizing principle is the East Asian development experience. Quantitative characteristics of Third World development in terms of population growth, natural resource depletion, capital accumulation, and technological change are outlined; but the central approach is comparative institutional analysis. "Development Economics" addresses one major question: Why has a small set of countries achieved a high level of affluence while the majority remain poor and stagnant? Why, in turn, has the number of developing economies set on the track of closing their productivity gap with advance economies been so limited? One obvious factor underlying this global divergence is unevenness in the ability to adopt and develop advanced technology, due in large measure to the difficulty experienced by low-income economies in preparing appropriate institutions for borrowing advanced technology given their social and cultural constraints. The major task of this volume is to explore the nature of these binding constraints, with the aim of identifying the means to remove them. Comparisons are made with countries where the constraints have been successfully lifted---most notably Japan and East Asian NIEs. This fully revised and updated second edition also incorporates analyses of several recent changes and newly emerged problems relevant to the global economy: the 1997-98 financial crisis in East Asia, the Kyoto Protocol signed in 1997 at the Third Conference of Parties for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the deceleration in growth of agricultural productivity in Asia. Exploration of these issues provides important lessons on how to sustain economic growth based on technology borrowing.
Book Description
This textbook provides a comprehensive, systematic treatise on development economics, combining classical political economy, modern institutional theory, and current development issues. Grown out of twenty years' experience of teaching in the United States and Japan, its treatment is global, although the organizing principle is the East Asian development experience. Taking a comparative institutional analysis approach, it also outlines quantitative characteristics of Third World development in terms of population growth, natural resource depletion, capital accumulation, and technological change. Development Economics addresses one major question: Why has a small set of countries achieved a high level of affluence while the majority remain poor and stagnant? One obvious factor is a the ability to adopt and develop advanced technology, due in large measure to the difficulty experienced by low-income economies in preparing appropriate institutions for borrowing advanced technology given their social and cultural constraints. This volume explores the nature of these constraints, with the aim of identifying the means to remove them, and examines countries where the constraints have been successfully lifted---most notably Japan and East Asian NIEs. This fully revised and updated third edition also incorporates analyses of several recent changes and newly emerged problems relevant to the global economy: recurrent economic crises in Latin America contrasted with the recovery of East Asia from the 1997-8 financial crisis; a paradigm change in international development assistance from 'the Washington Consensus' to the 'the Post-Washington Consensus', with a major shift in its focus from economic growth to poverty reduction as manifested in the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals; and the stalemate in international collaboration on the environment as represented by delays in the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. In exploring these issues, Development Economics provides important lessons on what institutions can promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and conserve the environment through the borrowing of technology.
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- Superb critique of the new imperialism
- A Challenge to the Prevailing Economic Worldview
- Globalization: What is New?
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Poverty From the Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760
M. Shahid Alam
Manufacturer: Palgrave Macmillan
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ASIN: 0312230184 |
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M. Shahid Alam presents an analysis of the evolution of global disparities that goes beyond the earlier neo-Marxist critiques of global capitalism. He inserts two additional asymmetries into the global economy--those created by "unequal races" and unequal states. The author analyzes not only the power of markets, but the powers that shaped these markets. More importantly he demonstrates that loss of sovereignty retarded industrialization, human capital formation, and economic growth.
Customer Reviews:
Superb critique of the new imperialism.......2001-07-18
Alam's brilliant and original book studies the growing polarisation between the economically advanced and lagging countries since 1760. He marshals extensive cross-country evidence and concludes, "The results showed a strong positive correlation between sovereignty and industrialisation."
As he writes, "Sovereignty did matter! Countries which had it would grow faster than countries which did not. The logic of it is simple. Colonization of lagging countries led, via forced integration, to the loss of manufactures, a shrinking comparative advantage in primary production, and the displacement of indigenous capital, skills and enterprises; it also led to monopolization and direct appropriation of their resources. Only sovereign lagging countries - free to structure their integration into the world economy - could avoid or minimize the adverse consequences of integration. Ergo, loss of sovereignty retarded economic growth. ... Countries will structure their international relations to develop manufactures and indigenous capital, enterprises and technological capabilities; they will impose at the outset, or gradually, policies that regulate the entry of imports and foreign capital, labor and enterprises. ... These asymmetries ensure that loss of sovereignty will produce lower levels of industrialisation, lower levels of productivity in the subsistence sector, lower levels of human capital, lower rates of taxation and public expenditure and, finally, lower growth rates of per capita income."
Countries winning their independence after 1945 achieved substantial increases in their manufacturing industry. 1980 saw the imperial counterattack; the international financial institutions, egged on by the key capitalist states, attacked the lagging countries and reimposed dependency. The Soviet Union's demise orphaned the lagging countries; they lost the most powerful counterweight to the USA.
World Bank and IMF policy packages are identical to the EU's demands: end fiscal deficits, privatise industries and services, open government contracts to foreign firms, end state subsidies, remove controls on capital accounts of the balance of payments, end barriers to foreign enterprises' entry.
Without economic sovereignty, all other forms of sovereignty are shadows. The economy is the root of sovereignty: without control over how we work and produce, we are slaves.
A Challenge to the Prevailing Economic Worldview.......2000-05-31
"Poverty from the Wealth of Nations" provides concrete evidence to support the argument that European imperialism devastated, rather than enhanced, the economic development of much of the rest of the world. The author, M. Shahid Alam, brings in the factors of sovereignty and racism to show that market mechanisms alone were not the only factors determining success or failure. Alam shows that the initial disparities between now advanced and now lagging countries were not as great as once supposed, and that the subsequent divergence was due more to exploitation and racist policies rather than to the innate qualities of particular peoples. In doing so, he challenges the prevailing, if unconscious, tenets of Eurocentric ideology.
The more sovereignty a state had, the more it was able to shape its economic policy to its own advantage. Sovereign countries usually did this by instituting protectionist measures to enable their nascent industries to establish themselves domestically and then get a foothold in the global market. Dependencies, quasi-colonies, and colonies were proportionally less and less able to do this, and were thrown into a vicious downward spiral.
Alam meticulously demonstrates the sovereignty differentials among these categories in terms of the countries' export orientation, industrialization, human capital, and growth rates. Non-sovereign countries' markets were forced open, providing a cheap source of raw materials to the imperial power, while cheaper manufactured imports prevented any domestic manufacturing sector from developing. Meanwhile, the colonial powers used their technological gains to create their own "import substitution" at home, improving their agricultural techniques and creating synthetic replacements for other primary goods (e.g., dyes), while denying these advances to the colonies, so that the colonies' range of potential exports progressively narrowed.
Infrastructure in colonies was designed with export in mind, causing markets for domestically produced goods to wither. Also, social policies were influenced to keep education, job advancement opportunities, and wages at a minimum, as this kept the prices of primary goods low as well, maximizing profits and savings for the colonial power. Over time, the cumulative effects of these phenomena brought about the extreme disparities in wealth between nations that we see today.
Alam's findings should be carefully examined by economists and other scholars who are willing to consider the possibility that our prevailing economic worldview is fundamentally flawed.
Globalization: What is New?.......2000-05-27
This is a very timely book. At a time when globalization is sweeping aside the sovereignty of developing countries and imposing free-trade regimes on their debt-ridden governments, this book provides a historical critique of these policies through a systematic examination of a similar globalization that swept across countries in Asia and Africa starting in the nineteenth century. It shows that the results of colonization and free trade were devastating for these economies. Thankfully, these results are established with a theoretical perspicacity and empirical rigor that are lacking in neo-Marxist critiques of the global economy. The strong parallels between quasi-colonialism and the IMF-WTO regime suggest that this new round of imperialism will also deepen global inequalities.
Book Description
New Tools for Challengng the Status Quo
Immensely readable, this work bolts together the image or theory and the reality of what is required to change the performance of an enterprise. Whether the challenge is renewal or fundamental change, this book delivers real-life depictions that will help all who invest the time.
--Richard A. McGinn, president and COO, Lucent Technologies, Inc.
Stand on the front lines of innovation with today?s top business leaders. Throughout this page-turner, archconsultant David Nadler leverages twenty years of work with many of the world?s most acclaimed CEOs to provide a detailed, inside account of how they?ve led the most difficult and significant change efforts of our times. Case examples include initiatives undertaken at Sun Microsystems, Lucent Technologies, Xerox, Corning, AT&T and Kaiser Permanente. Engaging and inspiring, it offers leaders and managers at every level a new, field-tested repertoire of concepts, tools and techniques for understanding the dynamics of change and managing it effectively.
Customer Reviews:
Excellent service.......2002-06-27
Very quick service and book was also in good condition.
Leadership and Change.......2000-11-11
Buy this book if you are seriously into leading or coaching change in organizations. Borrow this book if you want to briefly observe another person's system for change management, and particularly if you want to see more details shared about the role of the CEO.
For me a key point made by the authors is that "this is not a book about leaders of change; this is a book about leadership and change. There's a huge difference." [page 7]
One of the things I learned from the book is that CEO's are called upon to be initiating leaders who provide appropriate and decisive leadership to their organizations during times of stability, change and transition, transformation, and crisis. However, their leadership is a key and not the key. Long-term successful CEO's know how to create and nurture a culture of leadership throughout their organizations.
"Five Stages of Discontinuous Change".......2000-06-19
"Your first visit to a new company can be awfully confusing. From the outside you see the front of the headquarters building and the visitor's entrance-but not much more. Inside you see a maze of offices and work areas-but at first glance they don't seem to be arranged in any particular pattern. You see people rushing busily to and fro, but you have no idea what they're doing or what, if anything, they're actually accomplishing. If you're to have any chance of quickly making sense of what's going on-of how the company is organized and how it really operates-you need a mental template, a systemic way to observe and understand the organization. For executives and managers intent on leading change, that kind of template, or model, is essential. Without it you haven't a clue where to start...Throughout this book I'm going to be talking about organizational change in terms of a model my colleagues and I have developed and refined over the past two decades" (p.21).
In this context, David A. Nadler divides his book roughly into three sections. In the first section, he (1) overviews the forces that make change at once so inevitable and so difficult in modern organizations, (2) describes the pivotal role of top leadership, (3) describes the four basic types of organizational change, with a special emphasis on the most difficult of all-the Overhaul, or radical discontinuous change, (4) explores the inevitable resistance to change, and (5) offers some specific techniques for overcoming those barriers. In the second section, he (1) deals with the substantive tools and techniques that are required as the organization passes through the five stages of the change cycle, (2) describes in turn the issues that confront leaders as they go about changing each component of the organization. In the third section, he deals with the unique role of top managers in leading change.
In Chapter 4, he introduces five stages of discontinuous change:
1. Recognizing the change imperative: The easy description of this stage is simply that it answers the question, What's going wrong here? (for detailed discussion see Chapter 6)
2. Developing a shared direction: Providing clear direction for change and building coalition that will provide the support essential to the success of any radical change effort. (for detailed discussion see Chapter 7)
3. Implementing change: The core of the change process. (for detailed discussion see Chapters 8 to 11)
4. Consolidating change: Making change an integral part of the way the organization operates. (for detailed discussion see Chapter 12)
5. Sustaining change: The challenge of maintaining momentum, avoiding complacence, and searching for signs of the next wave of change. (for detailed discussion see Chapter 12)
On the other hand, in Chapter 5, he lists and discusses twelve action steps for overcoming resistance to change as follows:
1. Build the support of key power groups.
2. Use leader behavior to generate support.
3. Use symbols and language deliberately.
4. Define points of stability.
5. Create dissatisfaction with the current state.
6. Build participation in planning and implementing change.
7. Reward behavior in support of change.
8. Provide people time and opportunity to disengage from the old.
9. Develop and communicate a clear image of the future state.
10. Use multiple leverage points.
11. Develop transition management structures.
12. Collect and analyze feedback.
He argues that "the twelve action steps are not a recipe for transition management. They're a template to be overlaid on each organization and adjusted to its unique set of circumstances" (p.108).
Highly recommended.
Too little new analysis, too much consultantspeak........1999-10-22
Q: How many CEO's does it take to change a light bulb?
A: Change?!?
Change is the corporate mantra of the '90s. Unknowable, unpredictable, unavoidable: change has made the ominous transition from verb to noun, as organizations scramble to predict, demand, drive, and implement change. And the more intense and comprehensive the change, the more its success depends on an integrated process driven by the top of the organization.
If you were surprised by that last sentence, then Champions of Change is the book for you. Author David Nadler's approach, which he would fight with tooth and claw to defend, is built on the premise that "discontinuous change" cannot succeed without the "active, public, and personal leadership of the CEO and other people at the top of the organization." Based on his work with Xerox and other major corporations, Nadler believes that change requires a multi-stage campaign, dynamic and participatory, that cannot triumph if its leaders treat change as an enemy to be resisted by sporadic skirmishing or clandestine conflict. If a corporation hopes to maintain or achieve competitive advantage, argues Nadler, then its senior leaders must launch early and dramatic change.
For many readers, this is hardly a heaven-sundering epiphany. And that's exactly the problem with Champions of Change: there's no there there. Nadler's concepts aren't new, although his momentous references to systems theory and organizational fit and "a process that we call strategic choice" (italics his) imply superior insight and wisdom with which few mortals are blessed. Using the sort of language that gives consultants a bad name, he announces that "based on years of close observation, I can assure you that transition states [between the current and the future] always feature three characteristics that if ignored, carry the potential to kill any change initiative." What is this trinity? Instability, uncertainty, and stress. No surprises there.
At heart, Nadler believes in system by classification. As a result, Champions of Change is more dictionary than discourse. Three challenges of discontinuous change produce five phases of change management, of which Phase 3 contains four steps, Phase 4 three activities, and so on. Chapter 5, "Winning Hearts and Minds," runs to twelve action steps, and Nadler doesn't effectively follow through on his promise to explain which step to take when. The book does offer some useful gems, most of them similarly numerical: every major message of change should be delivered six times; the number of collective ideas an organization can hold simultaneously is three, plus or minus one. But once you peel away the elaborate taxonomy, you find that Nadler offers no breakthroughs, no exceptional understanding, no real road map for change.
Champions of Change has its moments. The sixteen pages on "recognizing the change imperative" provide a solid grounding in diagnosis and interpretation, despite Nadler's plug for his company's software. If you want an insider's perspective on corporate change at Xerox, then buy the book immediately. For the most part, however, Champions of Change is a disappointment. Explaining change requires an intricate balance of perspective, pragmatism, and common sense; you can't get by on 300 pages of consultantspeak.
In-depth understanding and insights into the change process........1998-09-11
This is a highly informative work that explores the nature of organizational change and presents an approach to initiating, designing, and implementing change. The authors propose that the core principles of change managers are: appropriate involvement, committed leadership, valid information exchange, informed choices and integrated change. The book also discusses the role of management at all levels. It conveys experiences, guidelines and a congruence model for understanding the organization as a system. This book is on-target, providing in-depth understanding and insights into the change process.
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- An in-depth explanation of pond bottom chemistry.
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Bottom Soils, Sediment, and Pond Aquaculture (Plant and Animal Series)
Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
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ASIN: 0412069415 |
Book Description
This book elucidates the vital but often neglected relationship between bottom soil and water quality. An understanding of this important connection is essential for maintaining water quality within optimum ranges for shrimp and fish. It is the first volume to provide information on topics from soil science essential to pond aquaculture. The impact of soil-water interactions on water quality is examined, and the volume provides important methods for enhancing the soil conditions in ponds. Detailed chapters include coverage of *soils in pond aquaculture *physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of soil *soil nutrients *the exchange of dissolved substances between soil and water *soil organic matter, anaerobic respiration, and oxidation-reduction *sediment soil *relationships to aquatic animal production *pond bottom management and soil analyses. Bottom Soils, Sediment, and Pond Aquaculture gives students and professionals in aquaculture insight into the principles of soil science which most affect pond management and provides them with an essential and current reference.
Customer Reviews:
An in-depth explanation of pond bottom chemistry........1998-08-24
Dr. Boyd has done an excellent job addressing the often overlooked influence of pond soils and sediments on water quality in aquaculture ponds. Boyd discusses the obvious as well as the obscure in terms of pond chemistry. Included within is the the best discussion of reduction-oxidation potential in bottom sediments to be found. Dr. Boyd is to be commended on his ability to translate highly scientific material into language that can be grasped and understood by the non-scientist. A must-have for the serious aquaculturist or pond manager.
Customer Reviews:
Very good book.......2007-03-06
I don't have biology background but this book helps me learn a lot. The author presents concepts in a simple and clear manner.
Amazing Intro Book on Genetics.......2005-12-10
This book provides a wonderful and comprehensive introduction to genetics. I'm not a biology major, but I found that this book is both entertaining and informative. The author describes a wide panoramic view on the genetics, and yet addresses the fundamental concepts in genetics in very clear manner. DNA structure, replication, transcription to RNA, RNA processing, and RNA translation (a.k.a. the central dogma) have been very hard to comprehend and visualize, yet the author explains it very well. Numerous detailed illustrations in the book really helps to clarify the central dogma.
All chapters start with VERY compelling REAL-WORLD cases that tantalizes you on learning the subject presented in the chapter. That makes me wanting to read for more. The writing is concise and clear. The author clearly knows his stuff.
Overall, it is a great intro book. Great for both self-learners and in-class students. Definitely a must buy for those who want to get acquainted in genetics.
For in depth contents: The book seems to be divided into four parts.
1. It starts with principles of classical (Mendelian) genetics with its applications on chapter 1. Then it goes into cell structures, functions, and reproduction with chapter 2-4. Followed by heredity principles of reproduction and how classical genetics fit into the analysis of hereditary traits. The next chapter discusses how classical genetics is not enough -- the author presents compelling cases like lethal alleles, incomplete penetration, and so forth in chapter 5-6. This limitation brings forth extensions and modifications on the basic principles, which is also discussed. The author also discusses other analyses to detect hereditary traits, such as pedigree analysis.
2. The second part is more toward modern genetics: How genes are not independently assorted as the Mendelian principles dictates. The concept of linkage, recombination, and consequently gene mapping are discussed in chapter 7. Followed by Chapter 8 is sort of intermezzo on bacterial and viral genetic systems.
3. The third part is the meat of the book:
Chapter 9 discusses what chromosomes are and how chromosomes abnormalities occur and what type of abnormalities.
Chapter 10 discusses about DNA and RNA structure, followed by chromosome structure in chapter 11.
Chapter 12 discusses DNA replication and recombination with detailed illustrations.
Chapter 13 discusses transcription process, followed by chapter 14 on RNA molecules and processing.
Chapter 15 discusses about genetic code and translation, followed by chapter 16: Gene expression.
Chapter 17 discusses gene mutations and DNA repair.
4. The fourth part is "elective" part:
Chapter 18: Recombinant DNA technolocy
Chapter 19: Genomics (Structural, Functional, and Comparative)
Chapter 20: Organelle DNA
Chapter 21: Various advanced topics
Chapter 22: Quantitative Genetics (very basic single locus regression as an intro)
Chapter 23: Population and Evolutionary Genetics
Yay, books........2005-09-24
Thanks for the books, they are great new and even better arriving fast.
Very Good.......2005-09-19
This was in perfect condition, as the listing suggested. Also came in the mail less than a week after I ordered it. perfect transaction.
the right book.......2005-06-02
the book that is being shown on amazon is not the newest book. the book is now paper back, check with the buyer and check with your teacher to be sure that you are buying a hardback book, or if they will let u use a paperback book. there is some difference between the two dont get stuck.. if your using this book for a class your gonna need the study guide that goes along with it, it's really helpful explaining hard concepts that most prof. cant get across.
Book Description
Phenotypic plasticity is the range and process of variation in body plan and physiology. This book pulls together recent theoretical advances in phenotypic plasticity, as influenced by evolution and development. The editors and the chapter authors are among the leaders of this exciting and active subfield. The volume begins with a primer on the basic principles of the subject, and companion chapters on phenotypic plasticity in plants and animals. Of interest to a wide range of researchers on evolution, development, and their interface.
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