Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity : Proceedings of the Second International Symposium "Cities on the ... Research Archaeological Reports, No. 04)
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    Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity : Proceedings of the Second International Symposium "Cities on the ... Research Archaeological Reports, No. 04)
    Cyprus) International Symposium "Cities on the Sea--Past and Present" (2nd : 1994 : Nicosia
    Manufacturer: Scholars Press
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    ASIN: 0788503936
    Economics of the Eastern Mediterranean Region
    Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    • a refreshing piece, outside the square
    Economics of the Eastern Mediterranean Region
    Leo Paul Dana
    Manufacturer: World Scientific Publishing Company
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    Binding: Hardcover

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    ASIN: 9810244746

    Book Description

    It used to be that international business and the small enterprise sector were almost mutually exclusive. Internationalization was generally limited to large corporations, while small firms tended to be local. Those days are gone. Increasing global competition is changing the nature of knowledge necessary for success in commerce. Firms will need to seek opportunities beyond familiar turf and traditional markets. For that reason, this book examines business issues and the environment for enterprise in a variety of contexts around the Middle East.

    The information provided helps entrepreneurs decide where to invest, where to focus their expansion efforts and where to be especially cautious. Thus, this guide - written in easy-to-understand language - can help entrepreneurs avoid costly mistakes. It is more than a book - it is an investment!

    Customer Reviews:

    5 out of 5 stars a refreshing piece, outside the square.......2001-05-09

    Perhaps it is the troubled past and constant news of conflict that originates from the Middle East, but of the vast array of English language books written on world economies, relatively few seriously dwell on the prospects for a prosperous and powerful economic future, in this corner of the globe. The very fact that Dana has written a book on precisely this topic is evidence of his unconventional and highly enlightened world view. This book gives a unique insight into the economic situation of eleven Eastern Mediterranean countries. Many would not consider it beyond a joke to suggest that these economies may some day exert a major international influence, never mind have the potential to become global superpowers with influence on millions of lives, as Dana intimates here. In a well-drawn analogy however, Professor Robert Hamilton of the University Of Canterbury notes, in the foreword, that the same was once true of Japan! (Few would try to deny the international influence that this nation has exerted over the past few decades.) Based on the premise that technology, energy and access to affordable wages are the major contributors to economic advantage, Dana builds a logical case for the growth potential of these eleven countries, given peace is one day realised. By way of introduction, an entire chapter is devoted to an explanation of the Bazaar Economy, the history of it and how it differs to the Western firm-type economy. An understanding of this is vital as it constitutes the very heart of the culture, society and values of the people from which it was derived. Dana illustrates the inherent risks involved in attempting to do business without this cultural understanding. As a number of cases demonstrate, too many Western firms have made the extremely costly mistake of approaching business from a Western perspective, assuming this to be a globally understood one. For this, they have suffered the consequences and some will continue to do so, for years to come. Unfortunately, this is not simply an occurrence of the past, but instead appears to be a lesson many western companies are still intent on learning the hard way. Dana explains the centrality and value of interpersonal relationships to the Bizarre Economy and how these values have been replaced in the West by a focus on the product and market share; the result of governmental ideologies and free-market forces. There is a touch of irony in noting that in the West, where this concept appears to be so foreign, it is in reality gradually being re-embraced in the form of relationship-marketing, perhaps a warning to the West to maintain an open-minded and non-condescending attitude towards the "wider world". With the broader business context having been established, Dana proceeds to devote a separate chapter to the discussion of each country. He expresses a well-argued belief that understanding the historical and cultural foundations and the manner in which they affect and define the marketplace is a precondition to success within it. For this reason, each chapter begins with a general introduction followed by a concise account of the history, events and ideology that have shaped each nation. Only after this background has been established does Dana proceed to discuss the economic situation and relevant circumstances, infrastructure and policies restricting or encouraging free enterprise and the various industries of interest. Naturally, comprehension of this discussion is greatly enhanced, given the previously established understanding of the context. At the end of each chapter is a section discussing economic prospects for the future. Based on the availability of comparatively cheap labour, technology and alternative energy sources and with due consideration to the circumstances of the country, Dana draws a number of insightful conclusions. The possibilities contemplated, particularly regarding the consequences of peace and reinvestment of defence budgets are intriguing and cannot help but capture the reader's imagination. Throughout, Dana demonstrates a remarkable ability to vary his style. His enthusiasm for the subject is obvious and contagious. With the aid of a few indicative photographs, he brings alive encyclopaedia-like facts, combined with personal anecdotes and on occasion, almost poetic description to create a vivid picture of the hive (or potential hive) of entrepreneurial activity within these societies. The depth and breadth of knowledge and research procured in this book is exceptional. Aspects of religion, culture, society, history, politics and law are all discussed, to create a complete picture of the business environment in each country and the issues surrounding it. The inclusion of culture as, not just a cursory discussion, but something to be seriously considered; as the underlying sculptor of every other aspect, is both rare and insightful, especially in what is essentially a guide to world economies. In short, although at times the inclusion of a map would have been a useful aid to understanding, particularly some of the historical accounts, Dana has achieved a delicate balance in including complex historical, legal and economic issues in an easily comprehensible, yet thought-provoking style. A book of world economies, which invokes a sense of inspiration and enlightenment at the conclusion of each chapter is indeed rare. Hence, it's appeal is to a wide readership of those who are willing to ponder the realm of possibilities, with or without a background knowledge in either the Eastern Mediterranean or economics. The quality of this piece is by no means a let-down from the outstanding precedent set by Dana's first book of its kind, Entrepreneurship in Pacific Asia. Economies of the Eastern Mediterranean is a refreshing piece from an author who continues to think outside the square.
    The EU's Enlargement and Mediterranean Strategies: A Comparative Analysis
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      The EU's Enlargement and Mediterranean Strategies: A Comparative Analysis

      Manufacturer: Palgrave Macmillan
      ProductGroup: Book
      Binding: Hardcover

      ComparativeComparative | Economics | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
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      ASIN: 0333772814

      Book Description

      This book is one of the rare studies embracing, through a comparative and prospective approach, the emerging pan-Euro-Mediterranean regional integration. The main purpose of this study is to make an analysis and a systematic comparison of the preferential relations between the EU and its eastern and southern peripheries and to stimulate further reflection on this topic. The respective frameworks for these relations share considerable similarities but also many differences.
      Prehistoric Production and Exchange: The Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean (Monograph, 25)
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        Prehistoric Production and Exchange: The Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean (Monograph, 25)

        Manufacturer: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology
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        ASIN: 0917956494
        Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Developed Projects: A Practical Guide for the Who Eastern Mediterranean Region
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          Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Developed Projects: A Practical Guide for the Who Eastern Mediterranean Region
          M.Z. Ali Khan , Martin Birley , Robert Bos , E. Giroult , A.A. Hassan , and R. Zghondi
          Manufacturer: World Health Organization
          ProductGroup: Book
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          ASIN: 9290213973
          Review of Literature on Health Environments for Children in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Status of Childhood Lead Exposure
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            Review of Literature on Health Environments for Children in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Status of Childhood Lead Exposure

            Manufacturer: World Health Organization
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            ASIN: 9290213884

            To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution
            Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
            • A Compelling & Thorough Look at the Economic Interpretation
            To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution
            Robert A. McGuire
            Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
            ProductGroup: Book
            Binding: Hardcover

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            Similar Items:
            1. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
            2. Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution
            3. We the People : The Economic Origins of the Constitution (Library of Conservative Thought) We the People : The Economic Origins of the Constitution (Library of Conservative Thought)
            4. E Pluribus Unum E Pluribus Unum
            5. Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution

            ASIN: 0195139704

            Book Description

            Many important questions regarding the creation and adoption of the United States Constitution remain unresolved. Did slaveholdings or financial holdings significantly influence our Founding Fathers' stance on particular clauses or rules contained in the Constitution? Was there a division of support for the Constitution related to religious beliefs or ethnicity? Were founders from less commercial areas more likely to oppose the Constitution? To Form a More Perfect Union successfully answers these questions and offers an economic explanation for the behavior of our Founding Fathers during the nation's constitutional founding. In 1913, American historian Charles A. Beard controversially argued in his book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States that the framers and ratifiers of the Constitution were less interested in furthering democratic principles than in advancing specific economic and financial interests. Beard's thesis eventually emerged as the standard historical interpretation and remained so until the 1950s. Since then, many constitutional and historical scholars have questioned an economic interpretation of the Constitution as being too narrow or too calculating, believing the great principles and political philosophies that motivated the Founding Fathers to be worthier subjects of study. In this meticulously researched reexamination of the drafting and ratification of our nation's Constitution, Robert McGuire argues that Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Mason and the other Founding Fathers did act as much for economic motives as for abstract ideals. To Form a More Perfect Union offers compelling evidence showing that the economic, financial, and other interests of the founders can account for the specific design and adoption of our Constitution. This is the first book to provide modern evidence that substantiates many of the overall conclusions found in Charles Beard's An Economic Interpretation while challenging and overturning other of Beard's specific findings. To Form a More Perfect Union presents an entirely new approach to the study of the shaping of the U.S. Constitution. Through the application of economic thinking and rigorous statistical techniques, as well as the processing of vast amounts of data on the economic interests and personal characteristics of the Founding Fathers, McGuire convincingly demonstrates that an economic interpretation of the Constitution is valid. Radically challenging the prevailing views of most historians, political scientists, and legal scholars, To Form a More Perfect Union provides a wealth of new findings about the Founding Fathers' constitutional choices and sheds new light on the motivations behind the design and adoption of the United States Constitution.

            Customer Reviews:

            5 out of 5 stars A Compelling & Thorough Look at the Economic Interpretation.......2004-01-31

            "In To Form a More Perfect Union, Robert A. McGuire attempts to provide the first solid modern analysis to quantify the impact of the personal economic interests of the Founding Fathers on the structure and content of the U.S. Constitution. Readers familiar with the literature in this area will immediately, and correctly, associate this book with Charles A. Beard's Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (New York: Macmillan, [1913] 1935). In that book, Beard concludes that the delegates' personal interests shaped their behavior with respect to the drafting and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. His hypothesis was generally accepted until the 1950s, when most scholars began to question the analysis. An onslaught of counterevidence came during the 1950s and early 1960s, and today most academics believe that Beard's original interpretation was too narrow and that the general political philosophies of the Founding Fathers had greater importance in determining the nature and contents of the U.S. Constitution.

            "McGuire essentially resurrects Beard's hypothesis and offers substantial evidence in favor of the view that the Founding Fathers' personal interests had a significant influence on the process of constitutional design and ratification. In light of the substantial body of empirical evidence this book provides, it is likely to bring the personal interest view back into widespread acceptance among academics. Although McGuire draws some of the analysis presented in the book from his previously published journal articles, at least half of what he offers is new and original. What makes the book so compelling is the use of today's significantly better empirical methodology to analyze data, in contrast to the techniques available during the 1950s, when the counterevidence to Beard's hypothesis was presented.

            "Readers searching for a middle ground in the debate over whether personal self-interest shaped the U.S. Constitution will find refuge in this book. McGuire repeatedly makes clear that these personal interests were relevant at the margin in the Founding Fathers' decision calculus and that many other factors (such as general political philosophy) influenced these individuals' overall behavior. Among the most compelling findings: (1) personal interests played a bigger role in the specific content of the U.S. Constitution than in the document's overall design; and (2) the framers' debt holdings and slave ownership and the degree of commercialization in their local communities are significantly correlated with their observed behavior and, hence, with the content of the constitution they produced....

            "One of the book's strengths is the amount of underlying background data and statistics provided. For example, McGuire includes tables that show not only each individual delegate's vote on an issue (the data used for the dependent variable), but also the predicted probability of a yes vote for that delegate from the estimated logistic regression model. As anyone who has estimated a logistic regression model knows, it is possible for these models to fit well overall but still do a poor job of predicting individual votes. Throughout the book, however, McGuire provides the evidence necessary to comfort readers worried about such potential problems. The book's main weakness is that at times it becomes rather lengthy and dull, but this aspect is simply a cost of being thorough, which is necessary in this case because of the controversial nature of the theory being tested.

            "For the great number of readers who are likely to use the results of the book as a single-sentence footnote or reference in their own research, the eleven-page prologue provides all of the background and summary information necessary to make an informed citation of the work. The remaining three hundred or so pages merely fill in the sufficient details to support these conclusions. In that sense, the book reminds me somewhat of Bjorn Lomborg's Skeptical Environmentalist (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

            "Had I been a reviewer for the book prior to its publication, the only suggestion I might have offered to improve it would have been for the author to include a fuller discussion of the debate surrounding the adequacy and structure of the document that preceded the U.S. Constitution, the Articles of Confederation.... Had McGuire presented this discussion, he would have provided a fitting framework in which to view the Founding Fathers' choices as marginal institutional changes relative to the existing constitutional order.

            "To Form a More Perfect Union undoubtedly will elicit additional research in this highly debated area of constitutional research. Future research will benefit from the 122 pages of raw data and empirical results provided as appendix material. McGuire's book most likely will meet with a better initial acceptance than Beard's book received (it was banned from high school libraries in Seattle and condemned by President Taft and by the president of Beard's own university).

            "One important implication of McGuire's book is that the condition of a Rawlsian `veil of ignorance,' putatively necessary to produce a `just' social contract, is not and cannot be satisfied in reality. Any constitution or social contract will be shaped by its designers' individual self-interests. Modern public-choice scholars who favor theories based on the premise of methodological individualism will find comforting reassurance as they read To Form a More Perfect Union."

            ------------------------------

            Excerpted from a review by Russell S. Sobel in "The Independent Review," Winter 2004.
            An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
            Average customer rating: 4 out of 5 stars
            • Just because you're paranoid....
            • A Good Place to Begin Thinking About What it Means to be an American
            • For Every Student of US History
            • The real story, told by a brave man, an essential book for all,
            • Classic Text
            An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
            Charles A. Beard
            Manufacturer: Dover Publications
            ProductGroup: Book
            Binding: Paperback

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            Similar Items:
            1. To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution
            2. Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution
            3. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy The Tragedy of American Diplomacy
            4. The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia) The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia)
            5. The Age of Reform The Age of Reform

            ASIN: 048643365X

            Book Description

            This famous study — one of the most influential in the area of American economic history — brought a halt to Americans' uncritical reverence for their country's revolutionary past. Questioning the Founding Fathers' motivations in drafting the Constitution, it viewed the results as a product of economic self-interest. Perhaps the most controversial books of its time.

            Customer Reviews:

            4 out of 5 stars Just because you're paranoid...........2006-05-05

            A noted historian of the early twentieth century, Charles Beard was notorious for his non-traditional interpretations of economics as the driving force behind major historical events. In 1913, at the time of the original publication of this book, he was even considered to be a bit radical. Certainly, the main thrust of his monograph ruffled a few feathers, as it called into question the motives of our founding fathers, placing their feet firmly on mortal, fallible, self-interested grounds, as opposed to the lofty pedestals where they were usually enshrined.
            Beard argued that although the delegates to the Convention had many diverse interests, they could actually be grouped into two main categories of economic self-interests: mercantile and land ownership. From a detailed analysis of their biographies, Beard identified a pattern that indicated an economic line of demarcation between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Those with large property assets or investments in trade unanimously supported the fledgling Constitution, while its chief detractors were the debtors, that majority of new Americans who were among the "have-nots" and who placed more faith in the loose confines of the Articles of Confederation.
            This book offers a compelling array of data, which the author himself refers to as a "long and arid survey' with the "nature of a catalogue". However, far from benumbing the mind of the reader, this use of simple exposition allows one to assess the proffered information and arrive on one's own at a conclusion that validates the author's thesis. Beard lists the material assets of each delegate, as well as their class status; not one was from a farming or mechanical class. Paired with evidence that many (including George Washington) were land speculators in the Northwest Territory, and that the implementation of the Articles of Confederation suppressed land values, a damning stain of greed and self-interest threatens to taint the motives behind the drafting of the Constitution.
            Beard goes as far as to intimate that the creation of a constitutional government was in effect a "coup d'etat" in which a wealthy interested minority abused and exceeded the authority granted them by the government in order to create a legal document which would bolster their businesses and profits. Evidence is supplied that indicates delegates were restricted by property ownership, cash assets, and in some states by religion. Clearly, only a certain type of man was to be permitted to have a voice in the decision. When the debate opened up upon the quest for ratification, Beard offers anecdotal evidence of goon squads and thuggery to force votes into the Federalist camp. Clearly, this is a view of the nation's origins that goes against primary school heroic notions of 1787.
            The most surprising thing about this book is that it was originally written in 1913. Charles Beard was often considered to be controversial amongst his fellow historians. Yet this monograph is shocking in that it is basically an accusation that the founding fathers indulged in a self-motivated and greedy overthrow of a government, which although weak and decentralized, was the preference of the downtrodden masses. He indicates that simply because future generations may have benefited from the decision s taken in 1787, the decisions were not necessarily just.
            In an era where conspiracy theories abound and Americans are ever eager to point the finger of blame at any select few, this book seems to fit popular tastes. Yet it would be foolish to dismiss the evidence supplied in this text as pure conjecture or the patterns as easy coincidence. Even today this founding document can be used to interpret the rights of the individual as equal to the rights of a corporation; surely it must have had in its origins the seeds of economic self-interest. Based on the conclusions made apparent in this book, it is hard not to view the Constitution as an economic document, securing in cold verbiage the rights of the wealthy creditors, while incidentally providing for the protection of the debtors. Madison's noble sentiments in Federalist #10 ring hollow when taken in equal parts with Charles Beards Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States.

            5 out of 5 stars A Good Place to Begin Thinking About What it Means to be an American.......2006-02-23

            Jumping to the end of Charles Beard's book, his conclusions state the following:

            i) The US constitution was enacted to protect the interests of: a) the moneyed classes (the rich), b) the bond and stock holding classes (the rich speculators), c) the manufacturing interests (rich capitalists), and trade and shipping interests (the rich capitalist speculators).

            ii) The constitution was the result of an elite group of men representing the aforementioned interests.

            iii) The constitutional convention held in Philadelphia was organized undemocratically by the aforementioned elite group of men to secure the aforementioned interests.

            iv) Those not holding the aforementioned interests (the poor) were excluded from participation in the constitutional process.

            v) Those participating in the Philadelphia convention personally benefited from the outcome of that convention (the constitution).

            vi) The US constitution is a document protecting private property rights over that of a democratic people and/or its government.

            vii) These assertions are on record as evidenced by the property and monetary interests of those who proposed and passed the US constitution.

            viii) In the ratification of the US constitution, 3/4 of the qualified voters were excluded by some means or another, aiding the 1/4 who benefited from the passage of the constitution.

            ix) The ratification of the US constitution was further narrowed down to where only 1/6 of the qualified voters participated in its passing.

            x) Therefore, the majority of qualified voters did not participate in the ratification of the US constitution.

            xi) This 1/6 who ratified the constitution were the same minority who held large holdings in money, bonds and stocks, manufacturing, and trade and shipping.

            xii) The main societal divisions in the ratification of the US constitution were among classes cited in i) and the farming and debtor classes at that time.

            xiii) The constitution was therefore not created by "the people," but by the those motivated by the monetary interests cited in i).

            To see why Beard thought this you must read this book, which is a laundry list of those participating in the Philadelphia convention and the ratification process, and a catalogue of their documented monetary interests.

            After reading Beard, then you can read the introduction by Forrest McDonald holding Beard's thesis up to the crucible of historical criticism.

            After reading Beard and McDonald you can begin to reflect on the implications of Beard's materialist hypothesis and the host of corroborating and refuting philosophical considerations, then form your own conclusions, then repeat the cycle over and over.

            This is probably a good departure point to begin examining your personal beliefs and expectations of what it means to be an American.

            5 out of 5 stars For Every Student of US History.......2005-11-04

            Obviously, the top 500 reviewer Ryan Setliff has not read the book. His review stated
            "_This book basically puts forward a theory that the founders just established the Constitution for their own personal economic gain._ This book is well-researched, but its premise is totally flawed. Moreover, it tries to portray all of the founding fathers as self-serving and looking out for their own economic interests."

            Had Ryan read the book, he might have know that Charles himself says on page 73:
            "The purpose of such an inquiry is not, of course, to show that the Constitution was made for the personal benefit of the members of the Convention." Beard explains, also on page 73, that he is trying to show, by researching the personal economic statuses of the members of the convention, that the members belonged to the "four [socioeconomic] groups... [that] were adversly affected by the government under the articles of Confederation, and that [the] economic motives [of those socioeconomic groups] were behind the movement for a recontstruction of the system..."

            It is most unfortunate that seemingly educated people deride this book without having read it, and doubly so since it is such a valuable work, still accessible and readable today.

            5 out of 5 stars The real story, told by a brave man, an essential book for all,.......2005-08-20

            Beard was a courageous man, not afraid to say the truth, not afraid to look into reality of American life and see the abuse of power, the denial of justice, and the real social interests at stake. This book establishes the real context of the constitution, displacing the usual hero worship of the "founders" as demigods and showing them as real men who served their class interests. Beard situates the constitutional convention in the great social struggles that went on in the period after the achievement of independence. Without such an understanding the struggle over the adoption of the constitution, and the role of the Bill of Rights are simply not understandable.

            Post independence America was a place of economic crisis for the farmers, workers, and small tradesmen who had been the bulwark of the revolutionary struggle. Montarization of economic exchange in villages and towns where a large amount of the exchange had been based on barter, a massive inflation, and a growth of the power of the banks and other money lenders spread like a plague, particularly in the Northern States, especially New England. Farmers were losing their land; tradesmen were losing their shops; goods not made on the farms and villages became too expensive for many working people and farmers.

            The power of the state governments, squarely in the hands of the merchants and planters, stood behind the seizure of the lands of farmers who could no longer pay the banks and merchants. Farmers and small tradesmen rose against this. Desperate farmers and their supporters shut down courts that met to authorize confiscation of farms. With no Bill of Rights, in Massachusetts set up kangaroo courts made up of merchants and bankers that made no attempt to be fair to the farmers. Newspapers and speakers who criticized the state government and the banks and big merchants were charged with treason.

            Full-scale civil war broke out in Massachusetts, with the plebian rebels coming close--it is said only prevented by the delay of one detachment by a snowstorm--to seizing the national arsenal in Springfield. It was these threats to property that threatened the power of the wealthy and the order that had been established after the revolution. This is why the constitutional convention gathered, not some abstract interest in more ethereal and philosophical forms of government.

            Whatever is said about divine motivations, the constitutional convention which gathered the wealthy and powerful, would have had to have been a bunch of insane dreamers, not to have had the interests of their wealth and power first in their minds in this situation. This Beard shows with abundant documentation.

            Beard documents that this was by and large a gathering of the wealthy men of the country who had profited from the revolution and who had profited by the economic disaster farmers and tradesmen faced by buying up certificates for land in compensation for services to the revolution, many farmers and tradesmen had to sell in order to keep their own land. Beard indicates that the concern for a secure state that could safeguard these interests was the dominant question for constitutional convention. He also notes that the few delegates who were sympathetic to the popular struggle opposed the constitution. Others among the leaders of the American Revolution who opposed this trend stayed away.

            Beard's book has been pilloried because it challenges the public myth about the constitution and the government that is needed to maintain the continued rule of the wealthy and powerful

            The constitutional convention did not write a democratic constitution. There is no provision for national elections. There are only provisions for the state legislatures to select electors that would meet to select the president in what the constitutional convention thought would be another gathering of the wealthy and powerful.

            The Bill of Rights was not part of the constitution they wrote or proposed. This was not an oversight, but because the authors of the constitution did not support these rights or democracy as it is understood today. As I mentioned above, in Massachusetts rather than a "jury of their peers," farmer rebels were tried by juries packed with merchants and bankers; rebels in Western farming communities like Springfield and Pittsfield were tried by juries from Boston. In states like Connecticut and Massachusetts, the Congregationalist church was an established church and membership in it was required to vote. Writers and speakers could be charged with treason for attacking the state governments.

            Most people in the United States opposed the constitution that came out of the Philadelphia convention. Many cited as "founders" opposed it. The bill of rights was proposed as a compromise addition to safeguard the rights of the popular majority. Without it, the constitution would not have passed.

            Even so, many provisions of the Bill of Rights were not actively enforced, some until the 20th Century. The establishment of religion continued in Connecticut and Massachusetts as states until 1820s and 1830s, and establishment of the Congregational churches by town government continued in many areas of New England until the late 19th and in a few places the early 20th century!!! Massachusetts's courts still charged and convicted newspapers for blasphemy in the 1840s.

            Popular voting without property, religious, or other qualifications was not me insured in this constitution. This came only with the amendments others that followed the Civil War, which Beard famously termed The Second American Revolution.

            Beard tells the real story here. For that, he was pilloried. Similarly, during and after WWII he documented, using congressional hearing testimony for the most part, how Roosevelt took the US into the Second World War. Again he was pilloried with new attacks generated against this book, even though this was written decades before.

            We are lucky for a man like Beard who wasn't afraid to tell the truth, even when the truth clashed with myths that are propagated in the interests of the billionaires who run this society.

            4 out of 5 stars Classic Text.......2005-04-13

            Charles Beard caused a minor scandal when this book was published in 1913. He argued that the Founding Fathers had foisted the Constitution on the country in order to protect their property interests in land and public securities. This was strong medicine 90 years ago when the public still thought of the Founders as demigods rather than conspiratorial politicians.

            Despite its age, the book reads well and is refreshingly iconoclastic. Since rightwing politicians and jurists still talk as if the Constitution had a divine origin, Beard's message hasn't lost its relevance. However, there's no denying that his book is a one-sided lawyer's brief, which selects and presents only the evidence that supports its thesis while ignoring everything else. No one who has read The Federalist would even recognize Beard's description of it.

            Modern readers who want a balanced and comprehensive history of the origins of the Constitution should look to books by Forrest MacDonald or other historians.
            AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES with A New Introduction
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              AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES with A New Introduction
              Charles A Beard
              Manufacturer: Macmillan
              ProductGroup: Book
              Binding: Hardcover
              ASIN: B000IPX4NM
              AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
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                AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
                Charles A. Beard
                Manufacturer: The Free Press
                ProductGroup: Book
                Binding: Paperback
                ASIN: B000IOBXRM
                Liberty, Property, and Government: Constitutional Interpretation Before the New Deal (Suny Series in the Constitution and Economic Rights)
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                  Liberty, Property, and Government: Constitutional Interpretation Before the New Deal (Suny Series in the Constitution and Economic Rights)
                  Ellen Frankel Paul
                  Manufacturer: State University of New York Press
                  ProductGroup: Book
                  Binding: Hardcover

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                  GeneralGeneral | Law | Subjects | Books
                  ASIN: 0791400867
                  Charles Beard and the Constitution,: A critical analysis of "An economic interpretation of the Constitution."
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                    Charles Beard and the Constitution,: A critical analysis of "An economic interpretation of the Constitution."
                    Robert Eldon Brown
                    Manufacturer: Princeton University Press
                    ProductGroup: Book
                    Binding: Unknown Binding
                    ASIN: B0006D6U64

                    Book Description

                    In this work, Robert E. Brown applies the fruits of modern historical scholarship toward an understanding of Beard's groundbreaking and controversial work. With a perspective of forty years, Brown attempts to separate the valid from the bogus in this work.
                    The Constitution Of The United States Of America: Analysis and Interpretation; Analysis Of Cases Decided By the Supreme Court Of the United States To June ... of the United States of America)
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                      The Constitution Of The United States Of America: Analysis and Interpretation; Analysis Of Cases Decided By the Supreme Court Of the United States To June ... of the United States of America)

                      Manufacturer: Government Printing Office
                      ProductGroup: Book
                      Binding: Hardcover

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                      ASIN: 0160723795
                      An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
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                        An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
                        Beard Charles A
                        Manufacturer: The Macmillan Company
                        ProductGroup: Book
                        Binding: Paperback
                        ASIN: B000VBWNV2
                        An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
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                          An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
                          Charles A. Beard
                          Manufacturer: Macmillan
                          ProductGroup: Book
                          Binding: Hardcover
                          ASIN: B000NIMSFY
                          Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
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                            Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
                            Charles Beard
                            Manufacturer: MacMillan
                            ProductGroup: Book
                            Binding: Hardcover
                            ASIN: B000RB74VK

                            Electrochemical Methods in Soil and Water Research
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                              Electrochemical Methods in Soil and Water Research
                              T. R. Yu , and G. L. Ji
                              Manufacturer: Pergamon
                              ProductGroup: Book
                              Binding: Hardcover

                              General & ReferenceGeneral & Reference | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
                              ElectrochemistryElectrochemistry | Physical & Theoretical | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
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                              ASIN: 0080418872

                              Book Description

                              Hardbound. This book deals with the principles and practices of electrochemical methods as applied to soil and water research, particularly those that can be carried out in the field. Beginning with the basis of potentiometric methods, including electrode potential, principles of potentiometric methods, reference electrodes, liquid-junction potential and characteristics of ion-selective electrodes, the author then proceeds to describe the properties and applications of various types of potentiometric electrodes, including glass, solid-state membrane, liquid-state membrane, oxidation-reduction and gas sensors. A special chapter devoted to commonly encountered problems will aid readers not familiar with potentiometric methods. Voltammetric methods, conductometric methods and electrochemical instruments are also discussed.

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