Origin of the Fittest: Essays on Evolution and the Primary Factors of Organic Evolution (Natural Sciences in America)

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1887. British philosopher and sociologist, Herbert Spencer was a major figure in the intellectual life of the Victorian era. He was one of the principal proponents of evolutionary theory in the mid nineteenth century, and his reputation at the time rivaled that of Charles Darwin. From the Preface: Though the direct bearings of the arguments contained in this Essay are biological, the argument contained in its first half has indirect bearings upon Psychology, Ethics, and Sociology. My belief in the profound importance of these indirect bearings, was originally a chief prompter to set forth the argument. See other titles by this author available from Kessinger Publishing.

The factors of organic evolution: Being part of vol. I of Essays : scientific, political and speculative

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The factors of organic evolution: Being part of vol. I of Essays : scientific, political and speculative
Herbert Spencer
Manufacturer: D. Appleton
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding

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ASIN: B0008CP276

Food, Nutrition, and Evolution: Food As an Environmental Factor in the Genesis of Human Variability

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Food, Nutrition, and Evolution: Food As an Environmental Factor in the Genesis of Human Variability
Walcher
Manufacturer: Year Book Medical Pub
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Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0893521582

The Imitation Factor: Evolution Beyond The Gene

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A powerful set of illuminating concepts!
Imitation and Beyond
Guppy culture
Biological Reductivist
Imitation in animals

The Imitation Factor: Evolution Beyond The Gene
Lee Alan Dugatkin
Manufacturer: Free Press
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Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0684864533

Amazon.com

Everyone knows "monkey see, monkey do," but how many of us reflect on the proverb's consequences? Biologist Lee Alan Dugatkin asks just how different animals can be from humans if they engage, as they seem to, in cultural transmission of behavior. Long thought to be one of the last barriers between H. sapiens and the rest of the family, imitation can be found even in fish--and Dugatkin's book, The Imitation Factor: Evolution Beyond the Gene, explores the research on the subject and its implications. His straightforward, accessible style serves him and the reader well. Though there are no tough equations or metaphysical concepts to bar the way to understanding, the delicacy of behavioral research can be tricky to communicate properly. Summarizing his points, he says:

The zoological work on cultural evolution reveals strange and even amazing facts about animals no matter how large or small their brains are--indeed, some just barely have what we can call a brain. The actions of a few individuals, or even just a single one, can dramatically shift the evolutionary future of a particular population fundamentally because individuals are keen copiers.

The author presents his own and others' research into imitative learning and makes a compelling case for its ubiquity. He suggests that a vast range of behavioral science is hampered by its reliance on biological (especially genetic) explanations, and that researchers would do well to sift more carefully between nature and nurture. It's an intriguing notion, and makes The Imitation Factor well worth reading--and besides, everyone else is doing it. --Rob Lightner

Book Description

Is imitation really the best compliment? As Lee Alan Dugatkin's powerful work of cutting-edge science reveals, imitation is the most profound compliment you can give anyone. It might last for millions of years.

An acclaimed biologist, Dugatkin has identified and mapped the effects of a powerful, overlooked, and deceptively simple factor in evolutionary history. He shows how the imitation of one individual by another, in any species, is an essential and fundamental natural force that has enabled the growth of animal and human societies. Previously inexplicable animal behaviors become comprehensible in the light of Dugatkin's research: How can one group of monkeys all learn to use a new tool in one generation? There is no time for genetic evolution to achieve this, but the social system enabled by imitation manages it easily. Dugatkin also investigates the way we, and other species, select mates. Why do tiny sailfin molly fish have sex with another species? The somewhat disturbing truth is, simply, to impress the ladies. There can be no purely genetic, standard Darwinian explanation for it. Such fishy sex isn't all in the genes. Humans and animals alike do things because they see others doing them; in this way fashions, traditions, and customs eventually emerge. Indeed, Dugatkin's astonishing point is that the imitation factor has led to the development in animals of education and culture. This fact has changed the course of evolutionary history.

Dugatkin draws on a wide range of his own and others' research into the behavior of fish, birds, whales, and humans to reveal the failure of genetic determination to explain mating behavior and the fundamental process of learning. As we watch people become popular and find ourselves attracted to them, we are doing nothing more than what animals have been doing for eons. Dugatkin follows the course of imitation as it leads to teaching and reveals that the mechanics of "animal education" built the species-wide phenomenon known in our own society as civilization. An original, brilliant, and lucid presentation of a profound new idea in evolutionary science, The Imitation Factor will have an enduring impact on the way we understand life on earth, and ourselves.

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A powerful set of illuminating concepts!.......2006-02-13

Charles Darwin established a very important preceding when wrote a notable essay about the theory of emotions. Following these traces, the biologist Dugatkin analyzes the imitative behavior of the animals, since the little fishes guppies till the blackbirds concluding the imitation process is the motive force of the cultural evolution.

You will find passionate and conscientious work of fervent interest for any kind of reader.

Imitation and Beyond.......2004-03-10

Lee Alan Dugatkin is a first-rate animal behavior experimentalist whose specialty is the guppy, as well as a game-theoretic modeler. Most welcome is Dugatkin's talent for popular exposition of animal behavior research.

This book is a very general exposition of animal behavior theory for the general public, with a special emphasis on epigenetic transmission of information, which Dugatkin equates with cultural transmission. He does quite a good job, and I would recommend this book to curious newcomers to the field. Dugatkin is especially good at weaving general themes (e.g., the various explanations of mate choice) with the specifics of particular
experiments.

My concern here will be as an animal behaviorist whose specialty is human beings. Humans come into the picture in the first sentence of Dugatkin's book: "We desperately want to think of ourselves as somehow distinct from other life forms on our planet...Currently there is the sense that we are unique because

"culture" is found only in humans...As we shall see, culture is not humanity's gift to the universe." (p. ix). There is no doubt but that Dugatkin is correct, and indeed, it is impossible to understand human culture as divorced from the broad sweep of cultural phenomena across species. The attempt to do so is a major flaw in sociological and anthropological approaches to human culture--but that is another story to tell.

While Dugatkin's assertion is correct, and his efforts to motivate his position are quite successful, it is curious that he does not place his argument in intellectual context. John Tyler Bonner's pathbreaking The Evolution of Culture in Animals (Princeton University Press 1984) is not mentioned, nor is Eva Jablonka and Marion Lamb's ambitious Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution (Oxford University Press 1995) are not mentioned.
Nor is the Baldwin effect, which is a major causal link from culture to genes (Baldwin, "A New Factor in Evolution", American Naturalist 30 1896).

Dugatkin is quite orthodox in taking the gene-culture coevolution definition of culture as "information", a definition anchored in the two great contributions of Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman, Cultural Transmission and Evolution (Princeton University Press, 1981), and Boyd and Richerson, Culture and the Evolutionary Process (University of Chicago Press, 1985). In brief, this view holds that culture is information concerning the organism's physical and biological environment. While the basic biological information transmission mechanism is genetic inheritance, epigenetic transmission may also be fitness enhancing, and when it is, we can expect cultural transmission in animals. I do not dispute the fact that culture includes epigenetic information transmission. For instance, as Dugatkin stresses the tendency for previously mated male guppies to be desirable to unmated females may be due to the fact that older female guppies "teach" younger females who the desirable males are (although there are other plausible explanations of this phenomenon). I do believe, however, that (a) imitation in animals is categorically distinct from the "teaching" and "learning" that typically occurs in human cultural transmission; and (b) the culture-as-information definition of culture is considerably too narrow to embrace all of human culture, and misses what is particularly unique about human culture.

On the first point, most animal behaviorists have come to accept the idea that, pace bird imitations of vocalizations, animals do not imitate complex learned behavior directly. Rather, the contiguity of an individual to a conspecific carrying out a particular learned behavior increases the probability that the individual will stumble upon the same behavior. For instance, if a chimp discovers how to use a stone to smash open a food item,
her child will be frequently in situations where stones and the food item are contiguous, and hence is more likely to discover the complex behavior. But the behavior is neither "learned" from the parent, or "taught" by the parent to the child. For more on this topic, the reader might refer to Tomasello and Call, Primate Cognition (Oxford University Press 1997), Daniel Povinelli, Folk Physics for Apes: The Chimpanzee's Theory of How the World Works (Oxford 2000), and Marc Hauser, Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think (Henry Holt, 2000).

The most distinctive characteristic of human culture, however, is the existence of ethical norms and values. A value such as "dress modestly," "work hard and do not succumb to temptations that yield only short-run pleasures," and "forgive those who transgress upon you," are deeply cultural forms, but they do not involve objective information about the world. Unlike a technique, such as how to fashion a tool, where to look for prey, or what types of things are edible, an ethical value has no scientific truth value. Of course, one might assert that if one follows a certain norm, certain material results will obtain (e.g., long life, good after-life, high fitness, happiness), but humans follow norms for their own sake, and
even when these good results are not expected. In sociology this is called the internalization of norms (see, for instance, Grusec and Kuczynski, Parenting and Children's Internalization of Values: A Handbook of Contemporary Theory, John Wily & Sons 1997). The human capacity to internalize norms is thus akin to the programmability of human goals, since the key factor in an internalized value is that people \emph{conform to the prescribed behavior for its own sake, and as a goal of action, rather than a means towards the realization of other goals. As I argue in "The Hitchhiker's Guide to Altruism: Genes, Culture, and the Internalization of Norms", Journal of Theoretical Biology 220,4 (2003):407-418, the programmability of the preference function is key to human prosocial behavior, quite on par with the accumulation and transmission of the types of cultural techniques associated with improving the ability to exploit the physical and natural environment.

I would have preferred that Dugatkin include in his analysis both the factors leading to a commonality of culture across species, and the factors involved in the special cultural position of humans, but just dealing with the first of these makes for a quite informative and interesting contribution.

Guppy culture.......2001-06-09

Lee Alan Dugatkin has spent the last ten years studying imitation in guppies and in "The Imitation Factor" he explains his research and summarizes numerous other examples of imitation found in nature. His conclusion: even low intelligence animals like guppies can engage in the non-genetic transmission of behavior through imitation, and that transmission can have an impact on genetic evolution.

In carefully controlled experiments using guppies Dr. Dugatkin explores how the tendency to imitate other females in mate selection can override other mate selection preferences. Female guppies of a certain species prefer bright orange males over drab gray ones. Dugatkin places a female and a dull male in one corner of a tank and a bright male in the other and then allows a second female to observe the guppy groupings. Then the first female is removed and the observer female is allowed to choose which male to go to. The observer female shows a greater tendency to select the male she saw with the first female (Yes there is a control to make certain that the observer is not just going to the side of the tank where there were two guppies). Further, after repeated exposure to females associated with drab males, the observer female shows a preference for drab males in general.

Beyond his own research Dugatkin also details the research of others on imitation in animals. Examples include some very carefully controlled experiments with pigeons poking open boxes to get food, blackbirds learning which animals are predators, numerous studies of chimpanzees and rats who learn which foods are edible from their presence on other rat's whiskers. In addition to those examples he also discusses when imitation is likely to a useful survival strategy, and points towards other researchers who have developed mathematical models for when imitation is more likely to occur and what affect it will can have on the evolution of a species.

Dugatkin is clearing attacking the idea proposed by others such as Susan Blackmore that humans are different from other animals because of the ability to imitate. If behavioral imitation is as common place as Dugatkin's evidence shows, these arguments are certainly erroneous. With his numerous examples and carefully controlled experiments Dugatkin does a very credible job of proving his point. I have just a few quibbles with this book. Dugatkin's definition of culture is a bit too loose for my preference. I would only count the guppies as being cultural because they can develop a general preference for drab males that can be transmitted, whereas Dugatkin would consider it culture even if the preference only applies to one male at a time. I am not certain under his definition whether a distinction can be made for fleeting imitation examples like observer animals moving when they see another member of their species fleeing something the observer can not see. I would hesitate to call that culture because their is nothing to pass from generation to generation. Similarly, while a general preference for drab males learned by observing females mating is something that could pass along indefinitely, a specific preference for a single male can only be passed along until while the male still lives.

In addition, although he does an excellent job with his own specialization he unwilling to fill the gap left if the concept of human as super imitator idea is incorrect. Early on in the book he suggests that there might be two types of cultural evolution, that which he describes for guppies and other animals and a sort of 'runaway' cultural evolution which develops its own rules independent of genetic evolution, but he never really explains this distinction in any detail. Of course this is not the main thrust of his work anyway.

Overall though this book should be valuable reading for anyone interested in cultural evolution. Highly recommended.

Biological Reductivist.......2001-04-20

I am sure it's a good book.... if you like to take that leap from animals to humans in a essentialist, and reductivist sense.

Imitation in animals.......2001-01-13

This is a wonderful book - clearly written, authoritative, up-to-date, and fun. I recommend it to all people interested not only in the study of animal (and human) behavior, but also to those who want a good read about what researchers are up to. Dugatkin is a first-class biologist and a great writer with a good sense of humor.

Physicochemical Factors of Biological Evolution (Soviet Scientific Reviews Supplement Series, Section C)

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Physicochemical Factors of Biological Evolution (Soviet Scientific Reviews Supplement Series, Section C)
S. E. Shnol
Manufacturer: Routledge
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Library Binding

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The Primary Factors Of Organic Evolution

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The Primary Factors Of Organic Evolution
Edward Drinker Cope
Manufacturer: Kessinger Publishing, LLC
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

General | Science | Subjects | Books

Book Description

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

Discussion of the factors of organic evolution from the embryological standpoint

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Discussion of the factors of organic evolution from the embryological standpoint
Edwin Grant Conklin
Manufacturer: American Philosophical Society
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding
ASIN: B0008AO0BC

The factors in organic evolution: A syllabus of a course of elementary lectures delivered in Leland Stanford Junior University

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The factors in organic evolution: A syllabus of a course of elementary lectures delivered in Leland Stanford Junior University
David Starr Jordan
Manufacturer: Ginn & Co
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding

General | Evolution | Science | Subjects | Books
ASIN: B00086NZSK

Book Description

Transboundary Environmental Negotiation is an important collection of articles generated by faculty and graduate students at MIT, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, and the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School. The contributors emphasize the ways in which global environmental treaty-making can be improved. They highlight new environmental problems that pose difficult global negotiation challenges and suggest new strategies for involving a range of nongovernmental actors in ways that can overcome the obstacles to transboundary environmentalism.

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Book Description

This concise study of temperature and its extremes is designed to provide greater understanding of temperature as a concept of physics and thermodynamics. A clear, insightful volume for students and professionals, it will also appeal to anyone interested in science.

Temperature Measurement in Engineering (Deals With Various Methods of Measuring Low and Very High Temperatures in Liquids, Gases, Flames and Solid Bodies, Volume 2)

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Temperature Measurement in Engineering (Deals With Various Methods of Measuring Low and Very High Temperatures in Liquids, Gases, Flames and Solid Bodies, Volume 2)
H. Dean Baker , E.A. Ryder , and N.H. Baker
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000TZTEZI

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Temperatures Very Low and Very High
Zemansky Mw
Manufacturer: Van Nostrand Reinhold (Trade)
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: 0442087055

Book Description

This compelling 1902 play, considered Gorky's masterpiece, centers on a group of wretched souls who congregate to play cards, tell stories, and debate whether it is better to live without illusions or to maintain a romanticized worldview. A powerful, influential drama, hailed for its realistic and memorable characterizations.

Customer Reviews:

The Edwin Hopkins translation of Gorky's "The Lower Depths".......2004-04-08

This is a warning. This is an atrocious translation and should be avoided. Hopkins, who translated this work in 1906 is either sloppy or just a poor translator. The English is awkward, and what is most reprehensible, Hopkins just plain omits two of the most important factual items of the entire play--1) Gone is Pepel's admission that he spend time in prison because he murdered a man, and 2) and this is the most grievous of all, the fact that Actor hanged himself at the play's cnclusion (almost the last words of the play which produces an immense impoact) is also omitted. There is no good reason other than monetary since all copywrite is probably gone for this edition, to republish it. I learned this the hard way, using it in a class amd now have subjected my students to this particular translation. It is a wonderful play, but this edition should be taken off the market.

The Truth Behind "The Lower Depths".......2002-08-16

The central theme of "The Lower Depths" is not only the total aniquilation of human personality by misery,in the harsh struggle for life that,so many times takes Men to degrade themselves but also,a statement that that aniquilation never is complete and that the very "Ex-Men",like in another book Gorki will call them,still have a conscience,the dream to overcome misery itself,a human warmth capable of being shared and ease.

A Must-read!

good Russian play.......2001-02-16

In a crowded dark room live the dregs of Russian society: a thief, a prostitute, her pimp, and several other criminals and outcasts. The general humdrum drama of their lives goes on as they get into fights, have disagreements, counsel one another over their losses, and so on.

Luka, an idealistic spiritual sort, finds his way into the group, and starts to spread his message of hope and positive thinking. This spurs the plot along a bit, because many in the group are hard-bitten realists who have no truck with faith or hope.

This is a fine play by Maxim Gorky. Gorky doesn't have the number of famous plays that someone like Henrik Ibsen or George Bernard Shaw does. In fact, he might be better known for his memoir of his childhood than for this play.

Nevertheless, The Lower Depths is a great play. The gritty element described in the play makes it seem much more like a modern play than the 1902 publication date would indicate. The realistic dialogue and streetwise characters make it hard to put down.

ken32

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The Lower Depths and Other Plays By Maxim Gorky
Maxim (translated By Bakshy, Alexander in Collaboration with Nathan, Paul) Gorky
Manufacturer: Yale University Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000H4NU5Q

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The Lower Depths
Maxim Gorki
Manufacturer: Samuel French Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: 0573611866

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Black Plays: Chameleon by M. Ellis; Lonely Cowboy by A. Fagon; The Lower Depths by T. Ikoli and Basin by J. Rudet (Methuen New Theatrescript)

Manufacturer: Methuen
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0413157105

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Four Modern Plays Ibsen: Rosmersholm. Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest. Rostand: Cyrano de Bergerac. Gorky: The Lower Depths

Manufacturer: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000GRGXBC

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Four Modern Plays: Rosmersholm, The Importance of Being Earnest, Cyrano de Bergerac, The Lower Depths (Second Series)

Manufacturer: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

Wilde, Oscar | Classics | British | World Literature | Literature & Fiction | Subjects | Books
ASIN: B000FNAL9C

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Gorky's Lower Depths: Critical Study (BCP Critical Studies in Russian Literature)
A. Barratt
Manufacturer: Bristol Classical Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 1853994367

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Brilliant Translation, Beautiful Edition

Better than the mis-translations of Keene Wallace

LA - Bas = interesting social phenomenon...

A dark and poetic trip into 19th century French Satanism

LA Bas/Lower Depths
J. K. Huysmans
Manufacturer: Hippocrene Books
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

Contemporary | General | Literature & Fiction | Subjects | Books
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The Torture Garden (The New Traveller's Companion Series)

Maldoror and the Complete Works of the Comte de Lautréamont

Against Nature (A Rebours) (Penguin Classics)

The Angels of Perversity (Decadence from Dedalus)

The Green Face (Decadence from Dedalus)

ASIN: 0946626197

Book Description

First published in 1891, this is the first new translation in 77 years. The enervated anti-hero, Durtal, is writing a book about Gilles de Rais, child-murderer and comrade in arms of Joan of Arc. When he's not studying alchemy, visiting Rais' ruined castle and fantasizing about a mystery woman, he is pondering Catholicism with his friends. His sexual adventures and historical studies mesh when he's invited to witness a black mass The follow-up to A Rebours, La Bas takes Huysmans' quest for the exotic and extreme sensations a stage further.

Customer Reviews:

Brilliant Translation, Beautiful Edition.......2007-04-21

Dedalus publishers has outdone itself: this brilliant translation of JK Huysman's darkest and most controversial work arrives housed in a gorgeous softcover edition with cover art by fin-de-sicle artist Aubrey Beardsley.

Huysmans was an unapologetic royalist whose simultaneous lives in bohemia and the Church led to some rather perverse artistic output. "A Rebours", an earlier work, was heavily influenced by the poetry of Baudelaire and served as a strong influence on Oscar Wilde. "La Bas" is far beyond that worthy text -- it embraces depravity with a slow, sure stranglehold that you don't notice until it leaves you gasping for breath.

If you are interesting in reading and collecting historic decadent or transgressive literature, this edition will serve your needs well. As always with material from this era, it is very helpful to have a cursory knoweldge of fin-de-siecle' art and culture if you wish to reach a full understanding of the text.

Better than the mis-translations of Keene Wallace.......2002-09-30

It's unfortunate that the 1924 Keene Wallace translation is still so popular. Here is an example of why this new translation by Brendan King is better:

Keene Wallis:

"Asphalt from the street, leaves of henbane, datura, dried nightshade, and myrrh. These are perfumes delightful to Satan, our master."

Brendan King:

"Rue, leaves of henbane and thorn-apple, dried nightshade and myrtle, all fragrances pleasing to Satan, our master."

One can only wonder how many generations of unfortunate satanists, not knowing French, suffered serious trauma from inhalation of asphalt from the streets, instead of rue, due to Keene Wallis' erroneous translation...

LA - Bas = interesting social phenomenon..........2000-05-05

I found this book more than engrossing, both with the protagonist as well as his research. However, more interesting to me was the general social outlook portrayed in this piece... we see a man discontent with the mass produced and the mediocre, a view on consumerism before it was called that. The book was writen in 1891 during the Industrial Revolution, and even though the factories do not even play a role in this book, you can clearly see their influence.

This book, although somewhat more introspective and more annoyingly sensationalized that is absolutely necessary, makes it abundantly clear how little we have progressed in thought in the last 100 years.

A dark and poetic trip into 19th century French Satanism.......1998-05-05

I re-read this book once a year and with each passage I find new moments to be enchanted, bewildered and mystified by. This book inspired me so much that I tattooed it's title on my upper right arm when I was 16.

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THE LOWER DEPTHS
MAXIM GORKI
Manufacturer: INTERNATIONAL POCKET LIBRARY
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000VCYJUY

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LOWER DEPTHS
MAXIM GORKI
Manufacturer: WEIDENFELD AND NICOLSON
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000S5FEWG

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