Sudden Origins: Fossils, Genes, and the Emergence of Species

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Despite the title, Darwin's Origin of Species doesn't really explain how new species are born. Scientists have been struggling with that thorny problem ever since its publication, and the recent revolution in molecular biology has turned up great piles of new evidence. Anthropologist Jeffrey H. Schwartz takes a close look at this evidence, as well as the more traditional paleontological material, in Sudden Origins: Fossils, Genes, and the Emergence of Species. He claims that the tide is turning in favor of "punctuated equilibrium"--the theory that species typically remain static for great lengths of time and then experience brief spurts of accelerated change--thanks in no small part to the discovery of homeobox genes.

These remarkable structures are the genetic equivalent of the proverbial butterfly wings that cause hurricanes halfway around the world--small changes can produce enormous effects. Homeobox genes regulate development and are remarkable similar between species and even between phyla--you share some with fruit flies, for example. By turning our attention toward embryology and development, Schwartz shows us that fossils can't tell the whole story, since much of it lies within the womb. He covers a lot of ground and stretches the reader's intellectual muscles; the scope of Sudden Origins and the greater understanding of Darwin's problem make the challenge well worth it. --Rob Lightner

Book Description

"Fascinating."-Nature
Finally a compelling answer to the question that has plagued scientists for centuries . . .
"A detailed and informative historical account."-Nature
"This is an intriguing and significant work."-Library Journal
"A provocative new theory to explain how species arise."-Scientific American
"A worthwhile attempt at bridging the new developments in how species may change and the evidence for the patterns of those changes."-American Scientist
Darwin may have argued that new species emerge through a slow, gradual accumulation of tiny mutations, but the fossil record reveals a very different scenario-the sudden emergence of whole new species, with no apparent immediate ancestors.
In this provocative and timely book, Jeffrey Schwartz presents a groundbreaking and radical new theory that explains exactly how evolution works. Turning to the marvels of genetics, paleontology, embryology, and anatomy, and introducing the recent discovery of an extraordinary type of gene, known as homeobox genes, Schwartz provides an evocative answer to the long-standing question: How do species emerge?
Writing with the expert knowledge only an insider can bring, Schwartz tells the intriguing history of the study of evolution, from the initial breakthrough discoveries to the famous Piltdown controversy up through the genetics revolution. Sudden Origins is a monumental book that ties together all the threads of evolutionary theory while providing a compelling answer to one of life's most enduring conundrums. This book is crucial reading for anyone who has ever pondered the mysteries of our evolutionary heritage.

Customer Reviews:

Hoxgenes to the rescue?.......2001-05-14

The first ten chapters is merely a historical survey of evolutionary discourse, and I shall not comment on them. It is the two final chapters that are supposed to offer a hopeful alternative to the beleaguered neo-Darwinian approach to evolution. Here the author relies on the role of homeobox genes, and highlights their effects on changes in morphology. His argument can be briefly summarised by referring to two of the examples he gives: the Rx gene in eye development, and the Manx gene in the development of the notochord during the larval stage of a species of tunicate.

Experiments with mice showed that individuals which carry a mutated (and therefore non-functioning) Rx gene failed to develop either an eye or its bony socket if the condition is homozygous, but individuals that are heterozygous in Rx undergo normal eye development. Schwartz argues that the reverse situation must have occurred in the past, i.e., a precusor mutated into the Rx gene. This was initially in the recessive state, as mutated genes generally are. This then spread widely through the population via heteroxygotes, until eventually homozygotes were produced in sufficient numbers to mate with each other. The mutant gene, i.e. Rx, was then expressed in the homozygotes, which developed eyes.

It is helpful to juxtapose the facts that the author appeals to, and the inferences he draws from them. The facts are that mutations in functioning genes render them non-functional - a loss of information. Schwartz turns this on its head and hypothesises that a mutation in a non-functioning DNA segment could render it functional - the emergence of novel information by natural processes.

One can get any complex multi-functioning mechanism, make a random change to one of its components, and render a part of the mechanism non-functional. It does not follow from this fact that the faulty component could have come about by chance, waiting for a random change to put it into working order. This is the kind of inverted logic employed above. The real world abounds in examples of natural processes producing degeneration, and causing malfunction in previously functioning mechanisms. The reverse process, however, has no basis in fact.

The case of the tunicate illustrates the importance Schwartz attaches to embryonic development in evolution. The homeobox gene, Manx, is responsible for the development of the notochord during the tunicate's larval stage. At a later stage the gene is deactivated and the adult tunicate does not possess a notochord. Schwartz hypothesises that at some point in the tunicate's evolution a mutation in some regulatory gene extended the duration of activation of the Manx gene, resulting in an adult with a notochord. This is a case of heterochrony, specifically paedomorphosis. Such a discrete change would be consistent with what one finds in the fossil record.

The author argues convincingly for the discrete nature of the fossil record, as many others have done before him. In doing so he poses an effective challenge to the neo-Darwinian model. But the substitute he offers is hardly able to provide the solution. Schwartz hypothesises on the possible discrete evolutionary changes that could be brought about by changes in the control genes, given a fully functioning genetic apparatus to start with. The real problem for evolution, however, is to explain how that fully functioning apparatus got there in the first place. Deactivation of a homeobox gene may possibly explain the reduction of a three-toed horse into a one-toed horse, as Schwaltz suggests, but it can hardly account for the origin of horses.

Since mutant genes are useless or lethal, it is hardly surprising that they are recessive rather than dominant. It is most reasonable to infer that this is part of life's defense mechanism, designed to protect the organism from potential damage from mutations.

Sits atop an important trend, but maybe too history-heavy.......2000-12-28

This is an excellent book that provides a reasonable introduction and much historical context to the concepts behind a class of theories of speciation that are gradually becoming less controversial.

The notion of cumulative gradual change in allele frequencies as the only source of variety has been a thorn in the side of serious biology for some time. Not least because it leaves the door open to claims that speciation itself is "improbable" in higher species. Richard Dawkins' brave attempts to rescue biology from "Mount Improbable" may very well turn out to be partly an exercise in futility.

Schwartz joins a number of recent authors and researchers to face head on the challenge of improving our understanding of evolutionary biology by recognizing that it makes perfect sense of much otherwise confusing data to allow for sudden "saltational" changes in species. As hard as it remains for many to swallow, S.J. Gould was probably right about much of this, and deserves credit for bucking the "received" view of Darwinism.

This book is disappointing however, in that it seems to revel in telling the history rather than describing the new concepts. There's just so much politics behind this issue that authors can't seem to avoid the temptation to add their own spin to the history in every book. But that part has been done already. Sterlny and Griffiths' "Sex and Death" does a great job of discussing all of the various chinks in the armor of the received view of how evolution works, without spending so much time interpreting intellectual history yet again.

The new part that is most exciting is the details of how regulatory genes work, their duplications and mutations, and the role they play in speciation. There is sadly relatively little of that in Schwartz's otherwise useful presentation.

A very recent release in the U.K. by Mark Ridley, "Mendel's Demon," looks like it handles similar deep questions but goes far more deeply into the genetics that forms the foundation for theories of sudden origins and other alternatives to simple cumulative gradual interpretations of Darwinism.

One point I wanted to make as a comment to a previous review. It was claimed at one point that this kind of theory is more congenial to the way many people view creation by God. That's something I think is a welcome sign. But they also commented that "creationists" is a meaningless label, and it seems to me that claim is simply nonsense. "Creationists" deny that speciation occurs at all, at least in the origin of humans. They don't argue that it could only occur suddenly. Whatever else they may accept or reject from evolutionary biology or genetics or paleoscience, it seems to me that they cannot accept that humans were not special creations of God separate from other animals. The United States is divided into those who find the close relationship of humans and apes ridiculous and those who pretty much take it for granted. That's not an easy line to cross, much less pretend it doesn't exist.

It would be very heartwarming and reaffirming to my faith in human reason of some people who consider themselves "creationists" were to find the theory of sudden origins in this book an acceptable version of evolutionary theory, but I'm not going to hold my breath waiting for it to happen.

The difference is critically important scientifically because the power of evolutionary thinking is not in whether we happen to be related to apes, but in the value of being able to apply adaptational thinking to species characteristics and describe and predict how characteristics relate to environments. Creationist interpretations deny the central concept of evolutionary thinking, that natural selection explains adaptation. The details of how it works and where other explanations supercede adaptational ones is what is left to ongoing research to discover.

That's where Schwartz contributes best to the literature, by placing "sudden origins" into its rightful historical context, (though I don't agree with some of his intellectual history in the medieval period). This is not something that creationists can honestly take any credit for, or honestly use in support of their agenda it is a theory of speciation not a denial of speciation.

Hox genes, and the new origin of the species.......2000-12-24

This is a very important source of information both as to the history of the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis and the recent discoveries of regulatory hox genes and the light they throw on the riddles of speciation and large scale evolutionary change. The realization that major morphological changes do not in fact occur in the fashion of microevolution (as presented by traditional Darwinists), due to the effect of homeobox genes, is a revolutionary discovery and confirmation of the importance of the developmental tradition moving in parallel to standard Darwinism. This data creates a foundation for the various theories of macroevolution and punctuated equilibrium proposed almost a generation ago but still sidelined by the Darwinian mainline. The book contains an invaluable review of paleoanthropological theories, issues of neotonous evolution, and the various genetical theories of Mendelism, from de Vries and Bateson, to Haldane, Wright, and Fisher. The views of Goldschmidt, and his near miss of this new perspective, is also treated. This confusing history of Mendelism sorted out is invaluable, and shows how cogent (in part) where the intimations of Bateson and Morgan. The new perspective both confirms the concept of 'macroevolution' while suggesting this can be seen as a microevolution of regulatory genes, a point open to debate perhaps. The next mystery is the evolution of these complex sequences of development. But that does not distract from the great usefulness of this account. One can dispense with much of the erroneous literature on evolution, a great saving in brain space. The endless debate over the slow evolution of the eye, etc, that went on and on and drove all parties batty is hopefully over if we know the right combination of homeobox genes will control the development of this and other organs. Times are changing in Darwin land. Highly recommended.

A New Take on an Old Theory -- But Watch Out!.......2000-03-29

Evolution, let's face it, is a creation myth for a post-industrial age. At the time Darwin (and Wallace) re-created the theory, which itself was old as time, PROGRESS was idolized by a Victorian society with many manners and little religion. The Industrial Revolution had proved that progress was not only beneficial, but necessary, and so Darwin's myth was taken to people's hearts. He believed in gradual progression, and was certain the fossil record would bear him out.

In fact, it doesn't. Part of that is the nature of fossils. To become a fossil a plant or animal must get itself stuck in a tarpit or a mudslide, and then stay there a few million years until done. By their nature, fossils cannot provide a record without gaps. And with the recent "winged dinosaur" fossil proven a hoax or forgery, there remains little trace of progression.

To cling to evolution as a philosophical framework, one must move to what the fossil record does show: saltation! New species appear in spurts and jumps. And this is, in fact, what Jeffrey Schwartz attempts to accomodate in this interesting new book. It's clear he knows his stuff.

But it isn't clear he knows his history. My own field is mediaeval scholastic thought rather than natural sciences. It's amazing how little scientists know about their own history, regurgitating long-exploded myths to show how dumb mediaeval thinkers were. I suppose part of this is because evolutionists frankly don't know and don't care about the difference between Creationists and people who believe in creation, but lump them all together. Creation is a belief that G-d Created the Universe. He did so in millions of years (look at the jumps, like the jump in the fossil record, between Gen. 1:1 and Gen 1:2). "Creationism" is an attempt to sneak Creation by the p.c. thought police who are terrified that G-d might be mentioned in a public place, especially when it might open the eyes of schoolchildren to alternative possibilities.

But Schwartz, possibly in an attempt to keep himself from being written off as a "Creationist" but to salvage his reputation as a legitimate scientist who does have a very valid take on evolution, not only makes this confusion, but he himself shows an utter lack of grasp on the development of science.

For instance, he writes that the church had a "stranglehold" on learning, which is a myth or at best a misconstruction. Ancient learning was preserved from antiquity, from barbarian marauders who destroyed everything in their path, in monasteries. When the barbarians and later the Vikings were calmed by their own acceptance of Christ, a flowering of intellectual activity resulted, particularly in the twelfth century, where Cathedral schools welcomed an amazingly wide variety of thought (even the development of the mode of thought now called humanism). Oxford, Cambridge, etc. through Europe were fostered by the scholastics, who wanted the propagation of education.

True, there was no universal literacy, but before the invention of printing. There is the illusion that "the church" controlled learning, because that's where the books were -- not only ancient works but the burgeoning numbers of books on all subjects, including natural sciences, such as they were able to study with the instruments at their disposal. One took orders to join in the intellecutal advancement because the monasteries and cathedral schools were where books were painstakingly copied by hand, and usually where they resided as they weren't appreciated elsewhere.

Today, PhDs are rewarded by bright young persons spending ten years writing and defending a micro-study dissertation, usually hammered out between the student and a master professor. Some are very interesting and shed new light; others are relegated to minor publications or even see no more light than the stacks of the university library. These days Universities, invented by the scholastics, represent just the same sort of "stranglehold" as Schwartz purports the church to have had. A bright amateur, say an obscure German railway clerk, might produce a paper that gains some acceptance, but it's increasingly unlikely.

Schwartz also mentions, as does everyone, that before Copernicus it was thought the earth was the center of the universe. What he fails to follow up with was that after Copernicus and into the 20th century a science long divorced from the church taught that the SUN was the center of the universe.

Indeed, it's important to study our historical roots. Scientists may find the subject uninteresting, and one can't expect a natural scientist to understand scholasticism, just as some, seeing a mediaevalist writing on evolution may be dismissed as ignorant.

He even has the temerity to say Augustine believed the earth was flat. He didn't, nor did his great mentor, St. Ambrose. There never was any such teaching, because no one believed it except a few oddballs who had no schools in the west and no following. What Augustine did say was that the earth may be round, but it was irrelevant to him.

One more problem with his historical presentation: somehow he manages to present an absolutely opposite case from the fact. He presents Creation as somehow racist, when it proves, as Thomas Jefferson wrote, "all men are created equal." Where he got the idea he floats about anyone who believes in Creation -- or ever did -- thinks there was more than one Creation, I can't say. There's only one in my Bible, although it is reiterated. His take seems to be that if someone writes a biography of Napoleon and they refer more than once to some aspect of Napoleon's life, that aspect must have repeated itself like a fugue from Toulouse to St. Helena! The fact is, evolution is the theory that can be construed as racist, and that was another reason Victorians adopted it. It not only confirmed their belief in progress, but their belief in the superiority of the white race, which was the "most progressed".

I was fascinated by Schwartz's presentation of his exciting new take on evolution. A natural scientist is more qualified to discuss it than I, and I hope Schwartz knows it better than he does the history of his discipline! His is a beautiful addition to the evolutionary myth and I would hate to see it dismissed by his peers.

A Courageous Scientist and His Flawed Theory.......2000-03-29

Saltations have always been a problem for evolutionary theorists, and supporters of saltations have generally been dismissed highhandedly. So has anyone who has questioned the dogmas of evolution. Authors of any books or articles questioning the status quo, for whatever reason, are branded "creationists", though most of those who dismiss them don't seem to understand the difference in those who believe in Creation, and the small coterie who cover themselves with the flimsy and meaningless term "creationist", and who do not represent believers in Creation. Creation cannot be proven in a laboratory -- but unfortunately, neither can evolution. And though for more than a century the fossil record has been scrutinized for proof, the evidence, if it proves any evolutionary theory, tends to support saltation. Since most evolutionary scientists, by their attitude, seem to live in terror under the misapprehension that by admitting their own theories are somehow incorrect means yeilding to the tiny but vocal "creationists", any suggestion that the holy writ of evolution can be questions on the slightest jot or tittle brings the scorn of the establishment on the questioner's head.

With this threat in mind, the author of SUDDEN ORIGINS has risks his reputation to propose a sweeping new theory in evolution that would account for the fossil record's evidence of saltations.

The major plus in the book is the history of evolutionary squabbles past. Frankly, this is something that evolutionary scientists need to heed. I've read too many scientific books where the author, usually some respected PhD at a prestigious institution, seems to have no grasp at all of the history of his topic. Certainly this is the case in astronomy, where myths of medieval cosmology and compete misunderstandings and misconstructions of astronomical development (not to mention outright lies taken as gospel) find their way into print as truth. Scientists ignore their history at their peril (cf: George Santayana). And perhaps examinations of the bickerings of evolutionary scientists within "the family" can help them to stop being so rigid.

If the book remained a history of evolutionary problems, it would be a five-star book -- such a book, from a scientific perspective, is necessary, but scientists seem too timid to do it themselves (what they need is a Teilhard in their ranks who will risk excommunication by the scientific elite) and leave it to the "creationists", who, like some scientists (and Teilhard) and unlike most genuine Christians, are not above fudging facts to reach their conclusions.

Book Description

'It is indeed the merit of Dr. Alan F. Casy to bring in these pages a clear and comprehensive view of medicinal stereochemistry, a discipline in which he has been active and successful for many years both as a teacher and a researcher. Written for graduate students and research workers in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, this book will contribute significantly towards a better education of scientists by removing the fear of stereochemistry caused by ignorance, moderating the overconfidence of possible zealots, and outlining a broader context.'-from the foreword by Bernard Testa

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Steric Factor in Medicinal Chemistry:
Alan F. Casy
Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OSHZNI

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Steric Factor in Medicinal Chemistry:

Manufacturer: 0
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000IBGJDS

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Modern information systems must handle huge amounts of data having varied natural or technological origins. Automated processing of these increasing signal loads requires the training of specialists capable of formalising the problems encountered. This book supplies a formalised, concise presentation of the basis of statistical signal processing. Equal emphasis is placed on approaches related to signal modelling and to signal estimation. In order to supply the reader with the desirable theoretical fundamentals and to allow him to make progress in the discipline, the results presented here are carefully justified. The representation of random signals in the Fourier domain and their filtering are considered. These tools enable linear prediction theory and related classical filtering techniques to be addressed in a simple way. The spectrum identification problem is presented as a first step toward spectrum estimation, which is studied in non-parametric and parametric frameworks. The later chapters introduce synthetically further advanced techniques that will enable the reader to solve signal processing problems of a general nature. Rather than supplying an exhaustive description of existing techniques, this book is designed for students, scientists and research engineers interested in statistical signal processing and who need to acquire the necessary grounding to address the specific problems with which they may be faced. It also supplies a well-organized introduction to the literature. The CD-ROM contains MATLAB programs in HTML format and is intended to provide simulation examples (program listings + simulation results) In addition, it also presents some basics of probability.

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I loved this book!!!

Read This And Your Perspective Will Never Again Be The Same

Deeply Felt and Highly Learned

Modernity and the Doom of Consciousness

Brilliant!

A Scream Goes Through the House: What Literature Teaches Us About Life
Arnold Weinstein
Manufacturer: Random House Trade Paperbacks
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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Release Date: 2004-08-10

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“For too long we have been encouraged to see culture as an affair of intellect, and reading as a solitary exercise. But the truth is different: literature and art are pathways of feeling, and our encounter with them is social, inscribing us in a larger community.... Through art we discover that we are not alone.”

So writes the esteemed Brown University professor Arnold Weinstein in this brilliant, radical exploration of Western literature. In the tradition of Harold Bloom and Jacques Barzun, Weinstein guides us through great works of art, to reveal how literature constitutes nothing less than a feast for the heart. Our encounter with literature and art can be a unique form of human connection, an entry into the storehouse of feeling.

Writing about works by Sophocles, Shakespeare, Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, Munch, Proust, O’Neill, Burroughs, DeLillo, Tony Kushner, Toni Morrison, and others, Weinstein explores how writers and artists give us a vision of what human life is really all about. Reading is an affair of the heart as well as of the mind, deepening our sense of the fundamental forces and emotions that govern our lives, including fear, pain, illness, loss, depression, death, and love.

Provocative, beautifully written, essential, A Scream Goes Through the House traces the human cry that echoes in literature through the ages, demonstrating how intense feelings are heard and shared. With intellectual insight and emotional acumen, Weinstein reveals how the scream that resounds through the house of literature, history, the body, and the family shows us who we really are and joins us together in a vast and timeless community.

From the Hardcover edition.

Customer Reviews:

I loved this book!!!.......2007-07-21

I could not put this book down. I talked about it to everyone I knew while I was reading and then bought copies for them! It was insightful and intuitive, a wonderful commentary on the ability of great literature to enrich our lives.

Read This And Your Perspective Will Never Again Be The Same.......2004-11-26

Weinstein's observations are like those moments you have in life where for an instant, a fog of clarity fills your heart and mind. He is that mist of understanding you cannot describe, and best of all he is accessible in portable paperback. I am currently a student of his and he gives a reader the tools of a new set of eyes that you put together by yourself as you learn. Why do we read things? Weinsteing will lead you to your own answer, and reading will never be the same. ...literature's LSD with no harmful side effects.

Deeply Felt and Highly Learned.......2004-07-27

For a visceral thrill we can always count on Arnold--not Schwarzenegger in this case, but Arnold Weinstein, whose books combine a whole lot of learning with the human touch of passion and the starkness of memory. Arnold's dream of a scream loud enough to wake up an entire household clues us in immediately that he is a sensitive, caring man, with definite issues regarding boundaries. No wonder he then focusses on the famous Munch painting in which space and time are caught up and expressed in a soundless scream, a visceral pain of being that transcends the visual and becomes auditory, or not quite.

Many professors have written reams about Munch's SCREAM, but few have managed to bring it into the mainstream of Western intellectual culture. As he did in his book about spaces and the heimlich, Weinstein constantly surprises and envigorates the tiredest old subjects, I can just imagine what he does to his students!

Modernity and the Doom of Consciousness.......2004-02-27

As a real fan of Arnold Weinstein's terrific lectures on both American and World Literature (from the Teaching Company, but which I borrow from my library), I had high expectations for this book. My expectations were exceeded. That's because in the lectures, Dr. Weinstein focuses almost exclusively on literature. That's not a bad thing. It's a solid traditional approach. But in this text he is also free to draw in art, theater and film where appropriate, and to treat his material thematically, instead of on a book by book basis, a practice which tends to marginalize overall thematic observations. Also, in this format Dr. Weinstein can engage in digressions, and not worry about taking up too much time doing so, as he might in a lecture situation.

Here's an example of a short digression that I found particularly insightful: "One of the ironies of modern culture is its peculiar treatment of high art. Either we subject it to the rigors of modern critical theory, so as to disclose the hidden ideological arrangements it contains; or we piously commit it to the scholar's care, with the implicit view that we "laypeople" do not have the tools of access to frequent such work with any degree of profit. It would be better if we taught our students to view all art as fair game, to approach the most formidable and hermetic works as an aspiring thief might; with intent to break and enter, to discover, steal and possess what is there." Page 334.

Summarizing his insights at the end of this highly engaging text, he meditates on the tragedy of modernity, which he sees as a surfeit of consciousness combined with a lack of human connection. Weinstein illustrates this observation most dramatically through Faulkner's Quentin Compson. First, he cites Robert Penn Warren as having gotten it right when he said that it is not that Quentin suffers from a consciousness of doom, but rather the doom of consciousness. Hamlet was perhaps the first hyperconscious modern, and Weinstein does a fine job of showing how Hamlet and Quentin are connected, too.

Implicit in this, at least in my opinion, is that hyperconsciousness has been promoted by the consumer society. It has filled the world with things, variations of things upon things, filling up our lives with endless vexed choices and in so doing both stokes and attempts to put out the fire of hyperconsciouness. In either case we are seduced into ignoring the fast beating heart of our own humanity as this world of things muffles the scream that goes through the house of our bodies and consciousness.

Brilliant!.......2003-10-02

Weinstein reminds us why we read--to access alien subjectivities and begin to understand the world in which we live. This beautifully written book legitimizes the discipline of English and compels us to marinade in and reflect on the fascinating phenomenon of consciousness.

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